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Safely recognizing suicide risk factors and warning signs

Risks factors
Protective factors
warning signs

Risk factors

Protective factors

Warning signs

Risk factors

Risk factors are the conditions that heighten the likelihood of suicidal behavior.
They are often categorized into three main groups as follows:

1. Health-related risk factors:

  • Mental health conditions: Depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
  • Substance abuse and addiction.
  • Personality traits: Aggressiveness, extreme mood swings, and difficulty forming or maintaining relationships.
  • Physical health problems: Chronic pain or serious, life-altering illnesses.
  • Severe traumatic brain injury.

2. Environmental risk factors:

  • Access to lethal means: Firearms, drugs, or other highly dangerous items.
  • Prolonged stress: Being harassed, bullied, trapped in toxic relationships, or facing long-term unemployment.
  • Life events: Divorce, financial ruin, devastating loss, or other major life upheavals.
  • Exposure to suicide: The suicide of a loved one, or being bombarded with sensationalized suicide stories in the media.
  • Discrimination.

3. Personal history-related risk factors:

  • A previous suicide attempt.
  • A family history of suicide.
  • A history of abuse, neglect, or deep childhood trauma.
  • Intergenerational trauma.

Protective factors

There are certain protective factors that help reduce the risk of suicide, including:

  • Access to mental health care and a willingness to face and address mental health struggles.
  • Strong, supportive relationships with family and genuine support from the community.
  • Effective coping skills and strong problem-solving abilities.
  • Restricting access to lethal means.
  • Cultural and religious beliefs that encourage people to seek help and stand firmly against suicide, while nurturing a deep sense of purpose in life and self-worth.

Warning signs

Changes in behavior or unusual actions can be powerful warning signs that someone is in danger of taking their own life.

These signs become especially alarming when they appear alongside painful events, devastating loss, or major life upheavals.

1. Verbal warning:

  • Talking about wanting to die or ending their life.
  • Expressing feelings of hopelessness, feeling like a burden, or having no reason to live.
  • Describing the feeling of being trapped or enduring unbearable pain.

2. Environmental factors:

  • Increased use of alcohol or drugs.
  • Searching online for ways to commit suicide.
  • Withdrawing from daily activities and isolating oneself from family and friends.
  • Changes in sleep habbits (sleeping too much or too little).
  • Saying goodbye to loved ones or giving away treasured possessions.
  • Exhibiting aggressive behavior or excessive fatigue.

3. Personal history factors:

  • Depression, anxiety, or irritability.
  • Sudden loss of interest in activities once enjoyed.
  • Feelings of shame, restlessness, or anger.
  • Sometimes, individuals at risk of suicide may show sudden relief or improvement in mood – this may indicate that they have made a final decision regarding suicidal behavior.
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